working in film and video is a technical process because a filmmaker uses technology of cinema to realize their dreams and share with an audience
1. Aspect Ratio: the difference in size or proportional relationship between width and height.
Traditional forms of video use a 4x3 aspect ratio. For every 4 inches of width theres 3 inches that corresponds with it. Screens must conform to standard aspect ratio so that the images can maintain proportions on any given television.
- 16 x 9 is referred to as widescreen. These formats allow a photographer to take create striking panoramic landscape shots and big screen action sequences.
Different ways to get a project shot in a different aspect ratio to a standard 4x3 aspect ratio.
- Pushing the edges of the frame in toward center. It allows directors to use the entire frame but it makes everything a little taller and thinner, therefore distorting everything.
- Pan and Scan- keeps widescreen at its original aspect ratio but only shows a selected area that is wide enough to fill a 4x3 screen. Anything outside of it is eliminated.
- Letterbox: proportionately shrinks the widescreen image to fit the width of a 4x3 screen, and leaves strips of black at the top and bottom. (The preferred choice especially to cinema fans, and filmmakers.)
To display 4x3 content on a widescreen on solution is to leave curtains which is empty space at the sides of the screen. The simplest solution is to shoot in the same aspect ratio as the desired format.
Anamorphic Video: To create these images a special (anamorphic) lens distorts an image to appear at a wide aspect ratio when played back on a projector (cont.)
Frame Rate: number of images that appear on screen each second. Measured in FPS (normal measurement) anything less (15fps) may look jerky or choppy
Film/Video "simulate" motion by displaying series of images, one after another
Persistence of Vision: (human brain processes a limited amount of images at a time), if a person sees more than 15 images per second, brain sees it as a series of images.
Frames Rate: measured in FPS. 30 fps is normal (15 would look jerky).
Video equipment confirms to specific standards. NTSC is broadcast video standard in America, uses 30 fps.
NTSC divides each frame of video into 2 fields
- half of the image is displayed in a field of odd numbered lines
- image is completed by displaying remaining field of even numbered lines.
NTSC method referred to as interlaced video because each frame is made of two interlocking frames.
Pixels: small squares used by images created by computer monitors (video uses lines of resolution)
Pixel Aspect Ratio describes width of a pixel in relation to its height.
Square Pixels (generated by most computer application) are equal in height and width (making them square)
Non-Square Pixels: appear more taller than they are wide
*Adobe Photoshop compared to Final Cut and After Effects have different pixel aspect ratios, therefore transferring images from one to another may cause an image to be distorted. It is not hard to compensate for different pixel shapes because programs like photoshop can resize images to fit.
Swing-out monitor, viewfinder, or external NTSC field monitor
-external NTSC field monitor connected to your camera does not hide flaws, but its bulky.
-Swing out monitors good for filming in hectic situations, see whats going on around you (work with handheld Steadicam which stabilize but makes you hold it at arms length
-look through cameras viewfinder-helps you stabilize shot when the eyepiece is at your face
working with a view finder
-images will appear bigger than when you see them in a view finder-imperfections become bigger in large images.- Viewfinder images with great contrasts make it easier to focus mistakes, black and white viewfinder images generally contain more contrast than color images.
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